JAVS Fall 2022

Example 2. Thematic material from “Lions Playing the Ball.”

E, F#, G, A, and B and in Yan Yue, the notes switch to C, D, E, F, G, A, and Bb. The different arrangement of the scales allows composers to create a variety of music types: the Ya Yue scale is for music played at royal celebration ceremonies and the Yan Yue scale is generally used by nomads from the north of China. It is the different scales that create the style—different levels of sophistication, different ethnic traditions, and different arrangement of melody—of the music.

Example 1. Scale based on the C Gong scale, with C as the tonic.

These two motives are the basis of the thematic materials that appears throughout the viola concerto. The tritone is shown in Examples 3-5, and the fourth interval in Examples 6 and 7.

Example 3. Tritone, Xian Shi.

If we look at the last line of Example 1, there is a scale of Heavy Three Six. This scale is for “Lions Playing the Ball” with F and Bb. The third and sixth notes are bendable. The interval of Heavy Three Six is the same as Yan Yue but different when played by the Chao Zhou Xian Shi ensemble. As Dr. Chen said, “the special dialect of Chao Zhou makes their unique music.” 2 For instance, when the Chinese Zither plays the Heavy Three Six on the “Lions Playing the Ball,” originally there are no notes F and Bb on the string. If one wants to play those two notes, a performer must move the bridge of the Chinese zither or push the string to the left to make the note E into F or the note A into Bb. Those arrangements of Heavy Three Six create a tritone (see Example 2) in “Lions Playing the Ball” and make the tune close to the dialect and accent of the Chao Zhou area. The tritone is important in the Xian Shi viola concerto because it is one of the two thematic elements Chen Yi chose from “Lions Playing the Ball”: the tritone and the interval of a perfect fourth and major second (see Example 2). Even though the composer indicates that she is using pan tonal for the harmonic structure of the viola concerto, understanding the music system of Chao Zhou Xian Shi will help the player to understand the musical language of the concerto and gain insight into the folk song on which it is based. 4

Example 4. First theme, Tritone, Xian Shi.

Journal of the American Viola Society / Vol. 38, No. 2, Fall 2022

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